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Dynamics Pianissimo (pp) - very soft Piano (p) - soft Mezzo piano (mp) - medium soft Mezzo forte (mf) - medium loud Forte (mf) - loud Fortissimo (ff/fff) - very loud
Dynamic Modifiers Calando - with decreasing volume Crescendo (Cres., <) - gradually louder Decrescendo (Decres., Diminuendo, >) - gradually softer Morendo - dying away Peine entendu - barely audible Piu - more Rinforzando (Sforzando, rfz, sfz) - sudden sharp accent Stinguendo - fading away Tempi (from slow to fast) Grave - with gravity; solemn; very slow Largo - broadly; very slow Larghetto - very slow, but a little faster than Largo Lento - slow Adagio - literally means at ease; slowly Andante - literally means at a walking tempo; moderately Andantino - a little faster than Andante Moderato - moderately Allegro - literally means cheerful; fast Allegretto - a tempo in between Allegro and Andante Presto - very fast Prestissimo - as fast as possible
Tempo Modifiers A tempo - return to normal tempo Accelerando - accelerate; play faster Allargando - slowing down and becoming broader Appoggiando - drawing out, lengthening Assai - much, as in Allegro Assai; much faster Cedez - slow down Con moto - with motion Dopplo movimento (Doppelt so schnell) - double speed L'Itesso - the same Meno - less Molto - very Non troppo - not too much Piu - more Rallentando (Zuruckhalten, rallentir, ritardando) - slowing down Rasch - quick Ritenuto - suddenly slower Rubato - elastic, flexible tempo Schnell - faster Sostenuto - sustained Stringendo - quickening; with growing excitement Tempo primo - resume the original or first tempo Vivace - lively Vivasissimo - very quick
Expressive Markings Affabile - sweetly and gently Affetuoso - affectionate, tender Affretando - hurrying Agitato - agitated Animato - lively Arioso - lyric and expressive Attaca - attack Aufgeregt - excited Ausdrucksvoll - expressively Bewegt - animated, with motion Bravura - dash, brilliancy Cantabile - singing Capriccioso - whimsical Comodo - easy, comfortable Con brio - with vigor Con calore - with warmth Con fuoco - with fire Deutlich - clear, distinct Dolce - sweet Doucement - gently Doulereux - sorrowful Duramanente - harsh Eclatante - brilliant, sparkling Empfindung, mit - with emotion, with feeling En dehors - emphasized Entscheiden (Entschlossen) - resolute, determined Expressivo - expressively Fastoso - pompous Fierlich - solemn Fiero - high spirited; bold Fleissend (Fleissender) - flowing, more flowing Frei - free, with freedom Frolich - joyful Garbato (con garbo) - graceful, elegant Gelassen - quiet, calm Gemachlich - comfortable, leisurely Gemendo - lamenting Gesangvoll - songlike, cantabile Gescgwing - quick, nimble Giocoso - merry Giusto - just right, as in Tempo Giusto; strict or fitting tempo Grazioso - graceful Gusto - with zest Hastig - with haste, hurrying Heftig - violent Innig - heartfelt, tender Kraftig - strong, vigorous |