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Lacrimoso - mournful Langsam - slow Lebhaft (Lebendig) - lively Leidenschaftig - passionate Legato - smooth Leggiero - lightly Liscio - smooth Lourd - heavy Lusingando - caressing Lustig - merry, cheerful Lutuoso - mourning Maestoso - majestic Marcato - stressed; with emphasis Markiert - marked, stressed Markig - vigorous Mesto - sad Mezzo - medium Morendo - dying away Munter - cheerful Nachdrucklich - emphatic, expressive Patetico - with great passion Pesante - heavy, emphatic Piacevole - pleasing, agreeable Pianamente - smoothly, softly Placido - tranquil; calm Precipitando - rushing, impetuous Ruhig - quiet Scherzando - humorous Scherzhaft - playful Schwungvoll - animated, with spirit Semplice - simple; unaffected Sempre - always; still, as in Sempre Forte; still loud Sfoggiando - ostentatious Slancio, con - with dash Snello - agile, nimble Soave - gentle, sweet Sospirando - sighing, plaintive Staccato - detached, short Straziante - anguished Strepitoso - boisterous Tenuto - held Traumerisch - dreamy Treibend - hurrying Unruhig - restless Voile - veiled Volante - flying, rushing Zart - tender, soft Bowings Abstreich (tierez, tierer, tiere) - down bow Aufstrich (poussez) - up bow Am Steg - near the bridge Am Frosch - near the frog Am Griffbrett (sul tasto) - near or over the fingerboard Arco - with the bow Arpeggio - arpeggiated, so that the notes of the chord are played one after the other instead of simultaneously Arrache - forceful pizzicato Au chevalet - close to the bridge Brise - short detached strokes of the bow Col legno - with the wood of the bow Col arco - with the bow Detache - detached single bowing, with slight articulation on each note Flautando (flautato) - bowing lightly over the fingerboard to produce a flutelike effect Glissando (strisciando) - sliding from one pitch to the other Jete (ricochet) - "throwing" the upper part of the bow on the string so that it will bounce a series of rapid notes on the down bow Loure - slight seperation of notes taken in a slur Martele - "hammered" bowing, with a forceful, sudden release Pizzicato - plucked Saltando (sautille) - light, bouncing strokes taken in the middle of the bow Staccato - short, detached strokes Sul - on; as in Sul G; play on the G string Sul ponticello - close to the bridge Sul tasto (sur la touche) - near or over the fingerboard Talon - at the frog Tremolo - short, rapidly repeated strokes on one note Tenuto - sustained Miscellaneous terms A piacere - at the performers discretion Al fine - to the end Al segno (a.s.) - to the sign Alta - higher, as in 8va Alta; play one octave higher Ancora - again, repeat (more), as in Ancora Piu Forte; still louder Anfang - from the beginning Attaca - attack; go to the next section or movement without a break Aufstrich - up bow Bassa - lower, as in 8va Bassa; play one octave lower Begleitung - accompaniment Bis - repeat Cadenza - extended section, usually for a solo in a free, improvisatory style Coda - closing section of a movement Come prima - as at first Con - with, as in con brio; with spirit Da Capo - from the beginning Dal segno - from the sign Dampfer - mute Divisi (div.) - divided Fine - end GP - general pause Luftpause - breathing rest Oberstimme - upper part Ossia - alternate passage, usually easier Ottava (8va) - octave Pocco - a little Senza - without, as in Senza Sordino; play without the mute Simile - continue in the same manner Sordino - mute Subito - suddenly Sul - on, as in Sul G; play on the G string Tacet - silent Tutti - all Volti - turn; as in Volti Subito; turn (the page) quickly